RCAHMS Images On Line
From Canmore;
QUOTE
Archaeology Notes
NO51NW 3.00 51260 16935
NO51NW 3.01 5126 1693 Beaker
NO51NW 3.02 5126 1690 Mine and Countermine
(NO 5126 1693) Castle (NR) (Ruins of) (NAT)
OS 6" map (1912/38)
For full description and history, see MoW Official Guide.
S Cruden 1951
6 profile pits were excavated as assessment of proposed visitor centre site. Three pits W of West Wall had ditch fill with anthropic material. The fill was overlain by 2m of builders' rubble in turn overlain by sand as foundations of a croquet area. 2 pits in the area of the Block House on the West Wall revealed robber trenches with remaining wall foundations, lying directly onto rock. Soil horizons contained much disturbed material. A pit on the line of a putative wall running to the Swallow Port revealed some 2m of sand under garden soil, but no indications of the wall.
I D Mate and C E Lowe 1988
Within four trial trenches to the W of the castle's modern boundary were substantial wall foundations (perhaps part of the castle's outer defences), an area of well laid metalling (probably a road), a shell midden and a possible sandstone hearth. More extensive investigation is in progress.
J Lewis 1988
A series of excavations was carried out between October 1988 and January 1990 before work commenced on a new visitor centre to the W of the castle. The chosen site was an area left untouched when much of the garden was dug out in the later 19th century to accommodate a sunken bowling green. The somewhat irregular area of excavation measured c40m EW by 10m to 15m NS. The principal findings, which were extensive and complex, can be divided into: prehistoric features; medieval timber structures; medieval masonry buildings and associated features; a series of large pits; other, smaller pits; and structures post-dating the occupation of the site.
Prehistoric features
Several small, linear and curvilinear trenches, varying in length from 1.35m to 2.7m, were cut to a depth of 0.2m to 0.55m into the sandy subsoil. All were infilled with redeposited subsoil enclosing deposits of pink-brown silty sand. Within one of these trenches were the base and several body sherds of a vessel provisionally identified as a cord zoned beaker of Early Bronze Age date.
Timber structures
Sealing the putative Bronze Age features and covering most of the excavation area, was a deposit of sandy loam, up to 0.45m deep, into which were cut numerous post-holes and post-pits and several beam slots. Few structures have been identified from these many post-settings other than from a series of pits that extended from E to W across most of the length of the site. On the evidence of its length and the apparent absence of a return, this line may define a boundary rather than a timber building. In all likelihood, however, many of the post-settings and beam slots were associated with timber buildings yet to be identified.
Masonry buildings
There were two stone buildings, both aligned EW, near to the S wall of the garden.
Building 1, at the E end of the site, was outwith the area ultimately designated for development and, consequently, was only partially excavated. Substantial rubble foundations survived on the E, S and W sides of the 13m long (EW) building but all traces of its N wall had been destroyed by stone-robbing, landscaping and gardening. Internally there was evidence of a stone partition wall, a circular stone-lined hearth, three under-floor drains and vestiges of a metalled floor. More extensive and compact metalling, covering a large area outside the S and E of the building, may be evidence of a road or perhaps a courtyard. Building 2, situated to the immediate W of Building 1, was very fragmentary, the only positively identified elements being short lengths of its E and S walls. Nothing remained of the N side of the building, the position of its W wall remains unclear and neither floor surface nor occupation debris was found. Towards the W end of the bulding (or perhaps beyond it) was a badly eroded sandstone hearth. This feature was overlain and surrounded by a thick layer of ash and burnt soils, measuring c3m square and bounded by three narrow linear cuts, which perhaps represented the walls of a flimsy timber structure. The ashy deposit may have been contemporary with a nearby clay-lined trough, both features perhaps being associated with an industrial, rather than a domestic, process.
Large pits
None of the four large rectangular and sub-rectangular pits that cut the subsoil on the N side of the site could be linked stratigraphically with any of the timber or masonry structures. One of the pits is thought to be a cess pit from which an overflow channel led northwards into another pit that measured 2.4m by 1.4m and 1.1m deep. This pit and those further E, which had similar dimensions, all had very straight sides, suggesting they had been lined, probably with timber, and the linings removed immediately prior to backfilling. At least some of these pits are believed to have been associated with the tanning of leather. Enormous quantities of pottery and large amounts of fishbones and butchered mammal bones were retrieved from the infills.
Miscellaneous smaller pits.
Distributed throughout the site were several rectangular, sub-rectangular and sub-circular pits: some were probably sand quarries, some perhaps associated with various industrial processes and others of unnknown functions.
Later features
A shallow EW robber trench, post-dating both stone buildings and extending for at least 30m across the site, is thought to echo the line of a boundary wall depicted in an illustration by John Geddy and dated to c1550-80.
Sponsor: HBM.
J Lewis 1989a; 1990c.
Information from RCAHMS (DE) 8 March 1996.
NO 512 169 A small excavation was carried out in February 2004 to evaluate the nature of deposits around the sides of the steps leading down to the counter mine entrance. The intrusive works were restricted to the N and W sides of the steps down to a level equivalent to the walkway on the E side of the structure. Two trenches were cut into modern backfill within the area of the construction pit. The edges of this pit were not revealed, and must be further than the 1.1m maximum width of the trenches.
Archive to be deposited in the NMRS.
Sponsor: HS.
C Shaw 2004
Site recorded by Maritime Fife during the Coastal Assessment Survey for Historic Scotland, Fife Ness to Newburgh 1996
Architecture Notes
NO51NW 3.00 51260 16935
REFERENCE
SCOTTISH RECORD OFFICE
1802-3
St Andrews Castle. Letters and papers concerning repairs undertaken by Principal James Playfair (7 items), including:
1. Estimate by Robert Coldstream for repairing 'the breaches in the front', 11 sept. 1802.
2-3. Letter from Playfair enclosing petition for approval of estimate, 14 Sept. 1802.
7. Letter from Playfair announcing completion of work; he has been 'sufficiently economical insomuch that the mason reckons it is a sorry job', 16 April 1803.
8. Letter from Playfair mentioning that he has 'prevailed on a young gentleman to undertake a description of our venerable remains, which I hope will soon be submitted to the publick', 20 Sept. 1803.
SRO/E342/28
1833-7
St Andrews. Papers relating to work at castle, cathedral, priory and parish church (5 items), including:
2. Memorandum concerning imprest for repairs to priory in December 1809, 30 Nov. 1833.
3. Account of Sir Henry Jardine of sums imprested to him for repairs on [parish] church, castle and cathedral, 1802-5, 1833.
4. Letter from clerk to heritors, requesting payment of crown's proportion of expenditure on repairs to parish church, 12 May 1837.
SRO/E342/41
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References
Ashmore, P J (2003 b)
'Archaeology and the coastal erosion zone',
Dawson, T, Coastal archaeology and erosion in Scotland,, Edinburgh, 1,
Beech and Thornton, N and P (2003 )
'Coastal archaeology in the context of the Fife shoreline management plan',
Dawson, T, Coastal archaeology and erosion in Scotland,, Edinburgh, 193,
Breeze, D J (2002 )
People and places: the men, women and places that made Scottish history,
Edinburgh, 42-3,
Cruden, S (1951 b)
St Andrews Castle, Fife,
Edinburgh,
Cruden, S (1982 )
St Andrews Castle,
Edinburgh, 3rd
Fawcett, R (1992 )
St Andrews Castle,
Edinburgh,
Fleming, D H (1915 )
'Some recent discoveries in St Andrews',
Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 49, 1914-15,
Folco, J di (1987 )
'A survey of medieval floor tiles in St Andrews Cathedral museum and the Abbot's house, Arbroath Abbey',
Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 115, 1985, 289,
Lewis, J (1989 a)
'St Andrews Castle',
Discovery Excav Scot, 1989, 16,
Lewis, J H (1996 )
'Excavations at St Andrews, Castlecliffe, 1998-90',
Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 126, 2, 1996, 605-688,
Lewis, J (1990 c)
'St Andrews Castle',
Discovery Excav Scot, 1990, 14-15,
Lewis, J (1988 d)
'Foundations, road, midden',
Discovery Excav Scot, 1988, 13,
MacGibbon and Ross, D and T (1887-92 )
The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth centuries,
5v, Edinburgh, Vol.3, 328-37,
Mate and Lowe, I D and C E (1988 )
'St Andrews Castle (St Andrews and St Leonards parish), foundations, midden',
Discovery Excav Scot, 1988, 12-13,
Millar, A H (1895 )
Fife: pictorial and historical: its people, burghs, castles and mansions',
2v, Cupar, Edinburgh and Glasgow, Vol.1, 291-9,
RCAHMS (1933 )
The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Constructions of Scotland. Eleventh report with inventory of monuments and constructions in the counties of Fife, Kinross, and Clackmannan
Edinburgh, 250-7, No.465,
Round the Coast (1895 )
Round the coast: an album of pictures from photographs of the chief seaside places of interest in Great Britain and Ireland.
London,
Scottish Country Life ( )
V.1 (1914) to v.8 (1921) (+ index); also v.15 (1928) to v.17 (1930) held. Issue for December 1930 missing.
an illustrated monthly journal of outdoor life and sport, Glasgow,
Shaw, C (2004 b)
'St Andrews Castle (St Andrews & St Leonards parish), watching brief',
Discovery Excav Scot, 5, 2004, 64,
Slezer, J (1693 )
Theatrum Scotiae,
London,
Thornton, W (1783 )
Travels in Scotland 1782-3,
(originals in Library of Congress, USA),
Walker and Ritchie, B and {J N} G (1987 )
Exploring Scotland's heritage: Fife and Tayside,
Exploring Scotland's heritage series, Edinburgh, 104-5, no. 54,
Walker and Ritchie, B and [J N] G (1995 )
Fife, Perthshire and Angus,
Exploring Scotland's Heritage series, ed. by Anna Ritchie, Edinburgh, 115-6, 2nd
Wiggins, K (2003 )
Siege mines and underground warfare,
Shire Archaeology No 84, Princes Risborough,
NO51NW 3.00 51260 16935
NO51NW 3.01 5126 1693 Beaker
NO51NW 3.02 5126 1690 Mine and Countermine
(NO 5126 1693) Castle (NR) (Ruins of) (NAT)
OS 6" map (1912/38)
For full description and history, see MoW Official Guide.
S Cruden 1951
6 profile pits were excavated as assessment of proposed visitor centre site. Three pits W of West Wall had ditch fill with anthropic material. The fill was overlain by 2m of builders' rubble in turn overlain by sand as foundations of a croquet area. 2 pits in the area of the Block House on the West Wall revealed robber trenches with remaining wall foundations, lying directly onto rock. Soil horizons contained much disturbed material. A pit on the line of a putative wall running to the Swallow Port revealed some 2m of sand under garden soil, but no indications of the wall.
I D Mate and C E Lowe 1988
Within four trial trenches to the W of the castle's modern boundary were substantial wall foundations (perhaps part of the castle's outer defences), an area of well laid metalling (probably a road), a shell midden and a possible sandstone hearth. More extensive investigation is in progress.
J Lewis 1988
A series of excavations was carried out between October 1988 and January 1990 before work commenced on a new visitor centre to the W of the castle. The chosen site was an area left untouched when much of the garden was dug out in the later 19th century to accommodate a sunken bowling green. The somewhat irregular area of excavation measured c40m EW by 10m to 15m NS. The principal findings, which were extensive and complex, can be divided into: prehistoric features; medieval timber structures; medieval masonry buildings and associated features; a series of large pits; other, smaller pits; and structures post-dating the occupation of the site.
Prehistoric features
Several small, linear and curvilinear trenches, varying in length from 1.35m to 2.7m, were cut to a depth of 0.2m to 0.55m into the sandy subsoil. All were infilled with redeposited subsoil enclosing deposits of pink-brown silty sand. Within one of these trenches were the base and several body sherds of a vessel provisionally identified as a cord zoned beaker of Early Bronze Age date.
Timber structures
Sealing the putative Bronze Age features and covering most of the excavation area, was a deposit of sandy loam, up to 0.45m deep, into which were cut numerous post-holes and post-pits and several beam slots. Few structures have been identified from these many post-settings other than from a series of pits that extended from E to W across most of the length of the site. On the evidence of its length and the apparent absence of a return, this line may define a boundary rather than a timber building. In all likelihood, however, many of the post-settings and beam slots were associated with timber buildings yet to be identified.
Masonry buildings
There were two stone buildings, both aligned EW, near to the S wall of the garden.
Building 1, at the E end of the site, was outwith the area ultimately designated for development and, consequently, was only partially excavated. Substantial rubble foundations survived on the E, S and W sides of the 13m long (EW) building but all traces of its N wall had been destroyed by stone-robbing, landscaping and gardening. Internally there was evidence of a stone partition wall, a circular stone-lined hearth, three under-floor drains and vestiges of a metalled floor. More extensive and compact metalling, covering a large area outside the S and E of the building, may be evidence of a road or perhaps a courtyard. Building 2, situated to the immediate W of Building 1, was very fragmentary, the only positively identified elements being short lengths of its E and S walls. Nothing remained of the N side of the building, the position of its W wall remains unclear and neither floor surface nor occupation debris was found. Towards the W end of the bulding (or perhaps beyond it) was a badly eroded sandstone hearth. This feature was overlain and surrounded by a thick layer of ash and burnt soils, measuring c3m square and bounded by three narrow linear cuts, which perhaps represented the walls of a flimsy timber structure. The ashy deposit may have been contemporary with a nearby clay-lined trough, both features perhaps being associated with an industrial, rather than a domestic, process.
Large pits
None of the four large rectangular and sub-rectangular pits that cut the subsoil on the N side of the site could be linked stratigraphically with any of the timber or masonry structures. One of the pits is thought to be a cess pit from which an overflow channel led northwards into another pit that measured 2.4m by 1.4m and 1.1m deep. This pit and those further E, which had similar dimensions, all had very straight sides, suggesting they had been lined, probably with timber, and the linings removed immediately prior to backfilling. At least some of these pits are believed to have been associated with the tanning of leather. Enormous quantities of pottery and large amounts of fishbones and butchered mammal bones were retrieved from the infills.
Miscellaneous smaller pits.
Distributed throughout the site were several rectangular, sub-rectangular and sub-circular pits: some were probably sand quarries, some perhaps associated with various industrial processes and others of unnknown functions.
Later features
A shallow EW robber trench, post-dating both stone buildings and extending for at least 30m across the site, is thought to echo the line of a boundary wall depicted in an illustration by John Geddy and dated to c1550-80.
Sponsor: HBM.
J Lewis 1989a; 1990c.
Information from RCAHMS (DE) 8 March 1996.
NO 512 169 A small excavation was carried out in February 2004 to evaluate the nature of deposits around the sides of the steps leading down to the counter mine entrance. The intrusive works were restricted to the N and W sides of the steps down to a level equivalent to the walkway on the E side of the structure. Two trenches were cut into modern backfill within the area of the construction pit. The edges of this pit were not revealed, and must be further than the 1.1m maximum width of the trenches.
Archive to be deposited in the NMRS.
Sponsor: HS.
C Shaw 2004
Site recorded by Maritime Fife during the Coastal Assessment Survey for Historic Scotland, Fife Ness to Newburgh 1996
Architecture Notes
NO51NW 3.00 51260 16935
REFERENCE
SCOTTISH RECORD OFFICE
1802-3
St Andrews Castle. Letters and papers concerning repairs undertaken by Principal James Playfair (7 items), including:
1. Estimate by Robert Coldstream for repairing 'the breaches in the front', 11 sept. 1802.
2-3. Letter from Playfair enclosing petition for approval of estimate, 14 Sept. 1802.
7. Letter from Playfair announcing completion of work; he has been 'sufficiently economical insomuch that the mason reckons it is a sorry job', 16 April 1803.
8. Letter from Playfair mentioning that he has 'prevailed on a young gentleman to undertake a description of our venerable remains, which I hope will soon be submitted to the publick', 20 Sept. 1803.
SRO/E342/28
1833-7
St Andrews. Papers relating to work at castle, cathedral, priory and parish church (5 items), including:
2. Memorandum concerning imprest for repairs to priory in December 1809, 30 Nov. 1833.
3. Account of Sir Henry Jardine of sums imprested to him for repairs on [parish] church, castle and cathedral, 1802-5, 1833.
4. Letter from clerk to heritors, requesting payment of crown's proportion of expenditure on repairs to parish church, 12 May 1837.
SRO/E342/41
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
References
Ashmore, P J (2003 b)
'Archaeology and the coastal erosion zone',
Dawson, T, Coastal archaeology and erosion in Scotland,, Edinburgh, 1,
Beech and Thornton, N and P (2003 )
'Coastal archaeology in the context of the Fife shoreline management plan',
Dawson, T, Coastal archaeology and erosion in Scotland,, Edinburgh, 193,
Breeze, D J (2002 )
People and places: the men, women and places that made Scottish history,
Edinburgh, 42-3,
Cruden, S (1951 b)
St Andrews Castle, Fife,
Edinburgh,
Cruden, S (1982 )
St Andrews Castle,
Edinburgh, 3rd
Fawcett, R (1992 )
St Andrews Castle,
Edinburgh,
Fleming, D H (1915 )
'Some recent discoveries in St Andrews',
Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 49, 1914-15,
Folco, J di (1987 )
'A survey of medieval floor tiles in St Andrews Cathedral museum and the Abbot's house, Arbroath Abbey',
Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 115, 1985, 289,
Lewis, J (1989 a)
'St Andrews Castle',
Discovery Excav Scot, 1989, 16,
Lewis, J H (1996 )
'Excavations at St Andrews, Castlecliffe, 1998-90',
Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 126, 2, 1996, 605-688,
Lewis, J (1990 c)
'St Andrews Castle',
Discovery Excav Scot, 1990, 14-15,
Lewis, J (1988 d)
'Foundations, road, midden',
Discovery Excav Scot, 1988, 13,
MacGibbon and Ross, D and T (1887-92 )
The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth centuries,
5v, Edinburgh, Vol.3, 328-37,
Mate and Lowe, I D and C E (1988 )
'St Andrews Castle (St Andrews and St Leonards parish), foundations, midden',
Discovery Excav Scot, 1988, 12-13,
Millar, A H (1895 )
Fife: pictorial and historical: its people, burghs, castles and mansions',
2v, Cupar, Edinburgh and Glasgow, Vol.1, 291-9,
RCAHMS (1933 )
The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments and Constructions of Scotland. Eleventh report with inventory of monuments and constructions in the counties of Fife, Kinross, and Clackmannan
Edinburgh, 250-7, No.465,
Round the Coast (1895 )
Round the coast: an album of pictures from photographs of the chief seaside places of interest in Great Britain and Ireland.
London,
Scottish Country Life ( )
V.1 (1914) to v.8 (1921) (+ index); also v.15 (1928) to v.17 (1930) held. Issue for December 1930 missing.
an illustrated monthly journal of outdoor life and sport, Glasgow,
Shaw, C (2004 b)
'St Andrews Castle (St Andrews & St Leonards parish), watching brief',
Discovery Excav Scot, 5, 2004, 64,
Slezer, J (1693 )
Theatrum Scotiae,
London,
Thornton, W (1783 )
Travels in Scotland 1782-3,
(originals in Library of Congress, USA),
Walker and Ritchie, B and {J N} G (1987 )
Exploring Scotland's heritage: Fife and Tayside,
Exploring Scotland's heritage series, Edinburgh, 104-5, no. 54,
Walker and Ritchie, B and [J N] G (1995 )
Fife, Perthshire and Angus,
Exploring Scotland's Heritage series, ed. by Anna Ritchie, Edinburgh, 115-6, 2nd
Wiggins, K (2003 )
Siege mines and underground warfare,
Shire Archaeology No 84, Princes Risborough,